IELTS Writing Task 1: Process Diagrams and Maps — Complete Guide

Process diagrams and maps are two of the most distinctive question types in IELTS Academic Writing Task 1. They do not contain numerical data like graphs and charts, which means they require a different approach and a different set of language skills.

In this guide, I will show you exactly how to handle both question types and write responses that score well.

Process Diagrams

A process diagram shows how something is made, how something works, or how something develops. The diagram uses arrows to show the sequence of stages, and your job is to describe that sequence clearly and logically.

Step 1: Identify the type of process

Before you write anything, look at the diagram and decide whether it shows a natural process or a man-made process. This is important because it determines the grammar you should use.

Natural processes — the water cycle, the life cycle of a butterfly, plant growth — use the active voice. For example: “The sun heats the water, causing it to evaporate.”

Man-made processes — cement production, recycling, glass manufacturing — use the passive voice. For example: “The raw materials are crushed and then mixed with water.”

Step 2: Count the stages

Look at the diagram and count how many stages there are. This information goes in your overview. For example: “The diagram illustrates the seven-stage process by which cement is manufactured.”

Step 3: Describe the stages in order

Start at the first stage and follow the arrows. Use sequencing language to guide the reader through the process:

Beginning: First, To begin with, The process starts with
Middle: Next, Then, After that, Subsequently, At this stage
End: Finally, The process ends with, The final stage is

Step 4: Write a strong overview

Your overview should state the total number of stages, whether the process is linear or cyclical, and any other striking feature. For example: “Overall, the process consists of seven stages, beginning with the collection of raw materials and ending with the packaging of the finished product.”

Maps

Map questions show changes to a location over time. You might see a single map (describe the current layout) or two or more maps (compare the past with the present, or the present with a proposed future development).

Single map

If you are given one map, describe the layout using location language. Use prepositions of place: next to, opposite, between, behind, in the north-west corner, adjacent to. Describe what is in each area and how the space is organised.

Two or more maps

If you are given two maps, describe the changes between them. Use the past tense and the passive voice for completed changes:

“A new shopping centre was built in the north-east corner.”
“The old car park was replaced by a public park.”
“The road was extended to connect with the new housing development.”

Use location language to organise your description: In the north, To the east, In the centre, On the western side.

Sample Process Description

Question: “The diagram shows the process by which recycled plastic is turned into new products. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.”

Introduction: The diagram illustrates the process by which recycled plastic is transformed into new products.

Overview: Overall, the process consists of five main stages, beginning with the collection of plastic waste and ending with the manufacture of new products.

Body Paragraph 1: The process starts with the collection of plastic waste from households and businesses. The collected plastic is then taken to a recycling facility, where it is sorted by type and colour. After sorting, the plastic is washed to remove any contaminants, and then it is shredded into small pieces.

Body Paragraph 2: The shredded plastic is then melted down and formed into pellets. These pellets are used as raw material to manufacture a wide range of new products, including bottles, containers, and packaging materials. The finished products are then distributed to retailers, completing the cycle.

Tips for Process and Map Questions

Use the passive voice for man-made processes. This is the single most important grammar point for process diagrams. If you use the active voice, you will lose marks for grammatical range and accuracy.

Use sequencing language. The examiner wants to see that you can describe a sequence of events clearly. Use a range of sequencing words and phrases.

Do not include your opinion. Task 1 is a factual description. Do not say whether you think the process is good or bad, or whether you like the changes shown on the map.

Aim for 160-190 words. You need at least 150, but going slightly over shows range and development.

With practice and the right language, process diagrams and maps can be a reliable source of marks in Task 1. Good luck!